The Functional Flexion-Extension Axis of the Knee Corresponds to the Surgical Epicondylar Axis: In Vivo Analysis Using a Biplanar Image-Matching Technique

We investigated the concept that the knee has a fixed flexion-extension axis in the posterior femoral condyles and that this functional axis corresponds to the surgical epicondylar axis in vivo. We used a biplanar image-matching technique to perform the in vivo analysis of 9 normal knees to determine the location of the functional flexion-extension axis of the knee using an optimization technique. The functional flexion-extension axis passed through the sulcus of the medial epicondyle and the prominence of the lateral epicondyle. Flexion and extension of the knee could be represented as a rotation around a fixed axis, and this functional axis corresponded to the surgical epicondylar axis during a 0° to 90° flexion. This study assists more understanding of knee kinematics and provides useful information for the design and positioning of the prostheses used in total knee arthroplasty.