Identifying drivers of pain that can serve as novel drug targets is important for improving perioperative analgesia. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with significant postoperative pain. Cytokines contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) and associated pain. However, the influence of perioperative cytokine levels after TKA surgery upon postoperative pain remains unexplored.
We designed a prospective observational study to profile three proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and leptin in serum, synovial, and cerebrospinal fluid of TKA patients perioperatively to determine associations between cytokine levels and pain. We characterized time-trajectories in cytokines pre- and post-surgery and explored their relationships to pain across gender.
Preoperative pain, measured by functional pain disability scores (PDQ), was predictive of postoperative pain. There were no gender differences in severity of preoperative pain or acute postoperative pain. Serum IL-6, serum leptin, and synovial fluid leptin were positively correlated with body mass index and preoperative pain severity. Stratification of patients by gender revealed strong correlations between serum IL-6, leptin, and PDQ only in females, suggesting that females may be more sensitive to the nociceptive actions of these cytokines. Although serum IL-6 increased dramatically (and TNFα increased modestly) four hours after surgery and remained elevated at 72 h; they were not associated with the severity of acute postoperative pain.
Our data suggest that while preoperative chronic pain is predictive of the severity of acute postoperative pain in TKA patients, the pre- and post-operative inflammatory status does not predict postoperative pain.