Histologic Evaluation of Posterior Cruciate Ligaments From Osteoarthritic Knees

It is controversial whether posterior cruciate ligament-retaining or posterior cruciate ligament-sacrificing (-substituting) implants should be used in total knee arthroplasty. The use of posterior cruciate ligament-retaining implants implies that the residual ligament is functional, and presumably normal, but few studies have been conducted to elucidate the histologic appearance of the posterior cruciate ligament taken from osteoarthritic knees. The purposes of the current study were (1) to evaluate the histologic appearance of posterior cruciate ligaments excised from osteoarthritic knees during primary total knee arthroplasty and to compare their appearance with posterior cruciate ligaments from knees of cadavers that were not operated on; and (2) to determine whether a correlation exists between the histologic appearance of the posterior cruciate ligament and the clinical status of the patients studied. Twenty-six posterior cruciate ligament specimens from patients with osteoarthritis and four specimens from cadavers were evaluated with the use of light and electron microscopy. Posterior cruciate ligaments from osteoarthritic knees showed greater degeneration than those from cadavers by light microscopy. Age greater than 60 years was associated with decreased collagen diameter in posterior cruciate ligaments from osteoarthritic knees as determined by electron microscopy. With the number of specimens available, the authors could not find a significant correlation between tibiofemoral alignment and mean collagen diameter or percentage of collagen occupancy. The extent of tissue degeneration of the posterior cruciate ligament could not be predicted by clinical findings. Additional studies identifying the mechanical competency of the posterior cruciate ligament in osteoarthritis would be valuable.