Do TKAs in Patients with Higher BMI Take Longer, and is the Difference Associated with Surgeon Volume? A Large-database Study from a National Arthroplasty Registry

Background

Increased surgical time in TKA may impact economic costs and clinical outcomes. Prior work has found that TKAs in patients with high BMI take longer, and these patients may be at greater risk for postoperative complications like infection. However, these studies included small numbers of patients and surgeons from single institutions and they did not consider surgeon volume.

Questions/purposes

Using the New Zealand Joint Registry (NZJR), we asked: (1) Is there a relationship between increasing patient BMI and TKA operative time? (2) Is the effect of BMI on surgical time less pronounced among surgeons who perform more TKAs per year than those who perform fewer?

Methods

Data were collected from the NZJR between January 2010 and December 2018 as it is the only national registry that records both BMI and surgical time. Primary TKA performed for osteoarthritis by surgeons with more than 50 TKAs over the period of the study were identified. BMI and operative time (skin incision to closure in minutes) were recorded. Patients with the following were excluded: lateral parapatellar or minimally invasive approaches; navigated, patient-specific instrumentation, or robot-assisted TKA; uncemented or hybrid fixation; those with procedures performed by a trainee (all or part); or a nonosteoarthritic indication. Of 64,108 TKAs performed during the study period, a total of 42% (27,057) met our inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the effect of BMI on operative time. Operative time is expressed in minutes as a mean for each single-unit BMI increase across all surgeons, controlled for other variables that might influence operative time such as patella resurfacing and cruciate-retaining versus posterior-stabilized designs. Overall, the mean operative time (skin incision to closure) was 79 ± 22 minutes. Surgical experience was assessed by subdividing surgeons into six groups according to the number of TKAs performed annually (< 10, 10 to 24, 25 to 49, 50 to 74, 75 to 99, and > 100). Statistical analyses were performed including a general linear model to assess the independent association between BMI and operative time, allowing for the effects of other patient and surgical features. In addition, linear regression analyses explored the associations between BMI and operative time in the whole group and within surgical volume groups.

Results

There was an association between increasing BMI and increasing surgical duration. The mean operative time increased from 75 ± 22 minutes in patients with a normal BMI of 25 kg/m² to 87 ± 24 minutes in patients with a BMI of 40 kg/m² to 94 ± 28 minutes in patients with a BMI > 50 kg/m² (p < 0.001). Surgeons performing fewer than 25 TKAs per year took 14% longer to perform a TKA on a patient with a BMI of 40 kg/m² than on a patient with a normal BMI of 25 kg/m². However, surgeons performing greater than 25 TKAs per year took 10% longer.

Conclusion

In this study, an increase BMI was associated with increased surgical time in TKA. Surgical duration for high-volume surgeons appears less influenced by increases in BMI than lower volume surgeons. Although the absolute increase in duration was small, prolonged surgical time may reduce theater productivity. Even though the issues around managing patients with high BMI are multifactorial and complex, considerations from these findings include ensuring appropriate theater scheduling and possibly referring patients with high BMI to specialist centers. Further studies should focus on assessing the effectiveness of such measures in reducing complications and improving outcomes in patients with elevated BMI.

Level of Evidence

Level III, therapeutic study.