Alumina Ceramic Bearings for Hip Endoprostheses: The Austrian Experiences

The current authors review clinical and retrieval experiences with hemispheric monolithic alumina ceramic sockets (Group 1), implanted between 1976 and 1979, and similar modular titanium sockets with alumina ceramic inlays (Group 2), implanted between 1990 and 1995. Both cementless sockets articulated with alumina ceramic femoral ball heads for total hip joint replacements. Clinical followup of patients with hemispheric monolithic alumina ceramic sockets (Group 1, 138 sockets) resulted in a total failure rate of 19.6% after 5 to 20 years. Radiologic analysis of eight stable sockets showed migration of 0.2 mm to 2.89 mm, but in four sockets at risk for late aseptic failure after an average followup of 12.5 years as much as 13.4 mm of migration was seen. Histologic evaluation revealed pseudosynovial membranes as thick as 1 mm with fine birefringent wear particles within mononuclear macrophages around two stable retrieved sockets. The membranes around four loose sockets were 6 to 10 mm thick and also heavily loaded with larger alumina wear particles. After 7 years followup clinical analysis of patients with modular titanium sockets with alumina ceramic inlays (Group 2, 30 sockets) resulted in four revisions, compared with one revison of 50 identical sockets (control group) with polyethylene instead of alumina ceramic inlays. Wear particle analyses in scanning electron microscopy showed significantly more particles (×10⁹ ± standard deviation/g dry tissue) from the control group (4.26 ± 6.38), compared with alumina ceramic bearings of Group 1 (0.70 ± 0.79), and of Group 2 (1.62 ± 2.13). The alumina particle sizes ranged between 0.13 and 78.38 μm. The mean annual linear wear of 38.8 μm was calculated for the bearings in Group 1, and of 26.94 μm for bearings in Group 2. These results support the good tribologic and biologic performance of alumina ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty.